Kahuripan is the name commonly used for an empire in East Java, which was founded by Airlangga in the year 1009. The kingdom was built as a continuation of the Kingdom of Medang which collapsed in 1006.
King of the Kingdom of the last named Dharmawangsa Medang Teguh, heavy rival kingdom of Srivijaya. In 1006 King Wurawari from Lwaram (Sriwijaya allies) attacked Watan, the capital of the Kingdom of Medang, who was holding a wedding. Teguh Dharmawangsa killed, while his nephew named Airlangga escaped in the attack.
Airlangga was the son of the couple Mahendradatta (sister Dharmawangsa Teguh) and Udayana king Bali. He escaped accompanied by aides who called Narotama. Since then Airlangga through life as a hermit in the forest mountains (wanagiri).
In 1009, came the envoys of the people asking for the Kingdom Medang Airlangga rebuild. Because the city Watan have been destroyed, then, Airlangga pn build a new capital named Watan Mas near Mount Penanggungan.
At first the kingdom who ruled Airlangga only includes Mount Penanggungan and surrounding areas, because many areas of the Kingdom Medang subordinates who break free. Only after the kingdom of Srivijaya king was defeated Rajendra Coladewa Colamandala in India in 1023. Airlangga feel free to rebuild the House of Isyana glory.
Airlangga lived war for the sake of war. One by one the kingdoms of East Java can be conquered. But in 1032 the city lost Airlangga Watan attacked by King Diamond because of a strong woman like a giant. Airlangga then build a new capital named Kahuripan in Sidoarjo area now. The enemy can be defeated woman, and even then the King Wurawari can be destroyed as well. At that time, the region covers almost the entire kingdom of East Java.
Kahuripan name is then commonly used as the name of the kingdom, led by Airlangga, as well as the actual Singhasari name just the name of the capital, commonly used as the name of the kingdom, led Kertanagara.
Kingdom Centre, Airlangga then moved again to Daha, based on inscriptions Pamwatan, 1042 and Fiber Charcoal Candidate.
At the end of his reign, Airlangga dealing with the problem of competitive struggle for the throne between his two sons. Candidates for the king the truth, namely Sanggramawijaya Tunggadewi, chose to become a hermit from the throne.
In late November 1042, Airlangga was forced to divide his kingdom into two, namely the western part of town called Kadiri thousands in Daha, handed over to Sri Samarawijaya, and the eastern part called Janggala thousands of cities in Kahuripan, submitted to Mapanji Garasakan.
After abdicate the throne, Airlangga live life as a recluse until his death around the year 1049.
Kahuripan name reappeared in the historical records of the Majapahit kingdom was founded in 1293. Raden Wijaya the founder of the kingdom seemed to have noticed the existence of two kingdoms who formerly created by Airlangga.
The two kingdoms were Kadiri alias Daha, and Janggala aka Kahuripan or Jiwana. Both by Raden Wijaya serve as subordinates of the most major areas. Daha in the west, Kahuripan in the east, while the Majapahit as the center.
Pararaton noted several names that had served as Bhatara i Kahuripan, or abbreviated Bhre Kahuripan. The first is the daughter of Raden Wijaya Tribhuwana Tunggadewi. After the year 1319, his administration helped by Gajah Mada was appointed as governor Kahuripan, for meritorious quell the rebellion Ra Kuti.
Hayam Wuruk when served yuwaraja also serves as the king Kahuripan Jiwanarajyapratistha title. Having ascended to the throne of Majapahit, title Bhre Kahuripan again held his mother, namely Tribhuwana Tunggadewi.
After the death of Tribhuwana Tunggadewi who served Bhre Kahuripan is his grandson, who named Surawardhani. Then replaced by his son, namely Ratnapangkaja.
After the death Ratnapangkaja, title Bhre Kahuripan carried by his wife's nephew (Suhita) named Rajasawardhana. When Rajasawardhana becomes king of Majapahit, title Bhre Kahuripan inherited his eldest son, who named Samarawijaya.
Friday, January 28, 2011
Medang Kingdom
Inscription Mantyasih 907 years on behalf of Dyah Balitung mention clearly that the first king of the Kingdom of Medang (Rahyang rumuhun ri ta ri Medang Poh Pitu) is the Rakai Mataram The Queen Sanjaya.
Sanjaya himself out Canggal inscription in 732, but does not mention clearly what the name of his kingdom. He just preached the existence of another king who ruled the island of Java before him, named Sanna. After the death of Sanna, the state becomes chaotic. Sanjaya then show up as a king, for the support of his mother, namely Sannaha sister Sanna.
Sanna is also known by the name or Bratasenawa sena, which is the third king of the Kingdom Galuh (709-716 AD). Bratasenawa aka Sanna or Sena was ousted from the throne Galuh by Purbasora (brother of the mother sanna) in the year 716 AD Sena finally fled to Pakuan, who took shelter at King Tarusbawa. Tarusbawa which is the first king of the Kingdom of Sunda (after Tarumanegara broke into the Kingdom of Sunda and the Kingdom Galuh) is a good friend sanna. Friendship is also a push Tarusbawa take Sanjaya becomes law. Sanjaya, the son Sannaha sister Sanna, intending to avenge the family Purbasora. For that he asked for help Tarusbawa (yangg in-law is a friend sanna). Desire held after becoming King of Sunda who ruled on behalf of his wife. Sanjaya finally became ruler of the Kingdom of Sunda, Galuh Kingdom and the Kingdom of Kalinga (after Queen Shima died). In 732 AD Sanjaya inherit the throne of the kingdom of Mataram from his parents. Before he left the West Java region, he set the division of powers between his son, Tamperan, and Resi Master Demunawan. Sunda and Galuh be Tamperan power, while the Empire Brass and Galunggung governed by Resi Master Demunawan, youngest son Sempakwaja.
Evidence of the earliest currency system in Java. Tahil pieces of gold or Java, around the 9th century.
In general, the historians said there were three dynasties that once ruled the kingdom of Medang, namely Wangsa Wangsa Sanjaya and Sailendra in the period in Central Java, and the House of Isyana in the period of East Java.
Wangsa Sanjaya term refers to the name of the first king of Medang, that is Sanjaya. This dynasty embraced Hinduism Shiva flow. According to the theory of van Naerssen, in the reign of Rakai Panangkaran (substitute Sanjaya around the year 770-an), power over Medang taken by the House of Sailendra a Mahayana Buddhist.
From then Wangsa Sailendra ruling on the island of Java, and even managed to also master the kingdom of Srivijaya on the island of Sumatra. Until finally, around the year 840's, a descendant named Rakai Pikatan Sanjaya managed to marry the crown princess Pramodawardhani Sailendra Dynasty. Thanks to the marriage that he could become king Medang, and moved his court to Mamrati. These events are considered as the beginning of the revival of House of Sanjaya.
According to the theory of Bosch, the kings name in the Inscription Mantyasih Medang considered a member of the House of Sanjaya as a whole. Meanwhile, Slamet Muljana argued that the list is a list of the kings who once ruled in Medang, and not a list of genealogies Sanjaya.
Examples of proposed Slamet Rakai Panangkaran Muljana is believed not the son of Sanjaya. The reason is, the inscription Kalasan 778 years Rakai Panangkaran praised as "the jewel Sailendra dynasty" (Sailendrawangsatilaka). Thus, this opinion rejecting the theory of van Naerssen of defeat by a king Rakai Panangkaran Sailendra.
According to Slamet Muljana theory, kings Medang Inscription version Mantyasih start of Rakai Rakai Panangkaran until Garung is a member of the House of Sailendra. While the rise of a new House of Sanjaya began in the throne Pikatan Rakai Rakai Garung replace.
Rakai term at the time of Medang identical with Bhre the Majapahit era, which means "ruling in". So, Rakai Panangkaran title synonymous with "ruler in Panangkaran". His real name is found in inscriptions Kalasan, namely Dyah Pancapana.
Slamet Muljana then identify Rakai Rakai Garung Panunggalan up with the names Sailendra Dynasty king who has been known, for example Dharanindra or Samaratungga. which has tended to be not part of the list of kings version Inscription Mantyasih.
Meanwhile, the three dynasties that ruled in Wangsa Isana Medang are emerging in''period''of East Java. This dynasty was founded by the MPU Sindok who built a new palace in Tamwlang around the year 929. In the inscriptions, inscriptions, mpu Sindok mention explicitly that his kingdom is the continuation of Kadatwan Rahyangta i i Medang Mataram Bhumi.
The king is the supreme leader of the Kingdom of Medang. Sanjaya as the first king to use the title Queen. In those days the term Queen is not synonymous with women. This degree is equivalent to Datu which means "leader". Both are Indonesian native title.
When Rakai Panangkaran from Wangsa Sailendra ruling, the title Queen of abolition and replaced with the title of Sri Maharaja. The same case happened on the kingdom of Sriwijaya where kings originally titled Dapunta Hyang, and after a controlled House of Sailendra also changed to Sri Maharaja.
Use of titles in the Kingdom of Sri Maharaja Medang still preserved by the Rakai Pikatan although Wangsa Sanjaya back in power. This can be seen in the list of kings version Mantyasih Inscription mentioning only Sanjaya who holds the Queen.
The highest position after the king was Rakryan Mahamantri i Hino or sometimes written Rakryan Mapatih Hino. This position is held by a son or brother of the king who has the opportunity to ascend the throne next. For example, mpu Sindok is Mapatih Hino in the reign of Dyah Wawa.
Position Rakryan Mapatih Hino at this time is different with Rakryan Mapatih the Majapahit era. Patih Majapahit era equivalent of prime minister but is not eligible to ascend the throne.
Position after Mahamantri i Hino in a row is Mahamantri i Halu and Mahamantri i Sirikan. At the time of Majapahit these positions still exist, but merely honorary title only. At the time of the ruling House of Isana are in addition to position Mahamantri Wka and Mahamantri Onion.
The highest office in the next Medang Rakryan Kanuruhan as executor is the king's command. Maybe a kind of prime minister in contemporary times, equivalent to Rakryan Mapatih the Majapahit era. Position Rakryan Kanuruhan the Majapahit era are still there, but presumably equivalent to the interior minister today.
Sanjaya himself out Canggal inscription in 732, but does not mention clearly what the name of his kingdom. He just preached the existence of another king who ruled the island of Java before him, named Sanna. After the death of Sanna, the state becomes chaotic. Sanjaya then show up as a king, for the support of his mother, namely Sannaha sister Sanna.
Sanna is also known by the name or Bratasenawa sena, which is the third king of the Kingdom Galuh (709-716 AD). Bratasenawa aka Sanna or Sena was ousted from the throne Galuh by Purbasora (brother of the mother sanna) in the year 716 AD Sena finally fled to Pakuan, who took shelter at King Tarusbawa. Tarusbawa which is the first king of the Kingdom of Sunda (after Tarumanegara broke into the Kingdom of Sunda and the Kingdom Galuh) is a good friend sanna. Friendship is also a push Tarusbawa take Sanjaya becomes law. Sanjaya, the son Sannaha sister Sanna, intending to avenge the family Purbasora. For that he asked for help Tarusbawa (yangg in-law is a friend sanna). Desire held after becoming King of Sunda who ruled on behalf of his wife. Sanjaya finally became ruler of the Kingdom of Sunda, Galuh Kingdom and the Kingdom of Kalinga (after Queen Shima died). In 732 AD Sanjaya inherit the throne of the kingdom of Mataram from his parents. Before he left the West Java region, he set the division of powers between his son, Tamperan, and Resi Master Demunawan. Sunda and Galuh be Tamperan power, while the Empire Brass and Galunggung governed by Resi Master Demunawan, youngest son Sempakwaja.
Evidence of the earliest currency system in Java. Tahil pieces of gold or Java, around the 9th century.
In general, the historians said there were three dynasties that once ruled the kingdom of Medang, namely Wangsa Wangsa Sanjaya and Sailendra in the period in Central Java, and the House of Isyana in the period of East Java.
Wangsa Sanjaya term refers to the name of the first king of Medang, that is Sanjaya. This dynasty embraced Hinduism Shiva flow. According to the theory of van Naerssen, in the reign of Rakai Panangkaran (substitute Sanjaya around the year 770-an), power over Medang taken by the House of Sailendra a Mahayana Buddhist.
From then Wangsa Sailendra ruling on the island of Java, and even managed to also master the kingdom of Srivijaya on the island of Sumatra. Until finally, around the year 840's, a descendant named Rakai Pikatan Sanjaya managed to marry the crown princess Pramodawardhani Sailendra Dynasty. Thanks to the marriage that he could become king Medang, and moved his court to Mamrati. These events are considered as the beginning of the revival of House of Sanjaya.
According to the theory of Bosch, the kings name in the Inscription Mantyasih Medang considered a member of the House of Sanjaya as a whole. Meanwhile, Slamet Muljana argued that the list is a list of the kings who once ruled in Medang, and not a list of genealogies Sanjaya.
Examples of proposed Slamet Rakai Panangkaran Muljana is believed not the son of Sanjaya. The reason is, the inscription Kalasan 778 years Rakai Panangkaran praised as "the jewel Sailendra dynasty" (Sailendrawangsatilaka). Thus, this opinion rejecting the theory of van Naerssen of defeat by a king Rakai Panangkaran Sailendra.
According to Slamet Muljana theory, kings Medang Inscription version Mantyasih start of Rakai Rakai Panangkaran until Garung is a member of the House of Sailendra. While the rise of a new House of Sanjaya began in the throne Pikatan Rakai Rakai Garung replace.
Rakai term at the time of Medang identical with Bhre the Majapahit era, which means "ruling in". So, Rakai Panangkaran title synonymous with "ruler in Panangkaran". His real name is found in inscriptions Kalasan, namely Dyah Pancapana.
Slamet Muljana then identify Rakai Rakai Garung Panunggalan up with the names Sailendra Dynasty king who has been known, for example Dharanindra or Samaratungga. which has tended to be not part of the list of kings version Inscription Mantyasih.
Meanwhile, the three dynasties that ruled in Wangsa Isana Medang are emerging in''period''of East Java. This dynasty was founded by the MPU Sindok who built a new palace in Tamwlang around the year 929. In the inscriptions, inscriptions, mpu Sindok mention explicitly that his kingdom is the continuation of Kadatwan Rahyangta i i Medang Mataram Bhumi.
The king is the supreme leader of the Kingdom of Medang. Sanjaya as the first king to use the title Queen. In those days the term Queen is not synonymous with women. This degree is equivalent to Datu which means "leader". Both are Indonesian native title.
When Rakai Panangkaran from Wangsa Sailendra ruling, the title Queen of abolition and replaced with the title of Sri Maharaja. The same case happened on the kingdom of Sriwijaya where kings originally titled Dapunta Hyang, and after a controlled House of Sailendra also changed to Sri Maharaja.
Use of titles in the Kingdom of Sri Maharaja Medang still preserved by the Rakai Pikatan although Wangsa Sanjaya back in power. This can be seen in the list of kings version Mantyasih Inscription mentioning only Sanjaya who holds the Queen.
The highest position after the king was Rakryan Mahamantri i Hino or sometimes written Rakryan Mapatih Hino. This position is held by a son or brother of the king who has the opportunity to ascend the throne next. For example, mpu Sindok is Mapatih Hino in the reign of Dyah Wawa.
Position Rakryan Mapatih Hino at this time is different with Rakryan Mapatih the Majapahit era. Patih Majapahit era equivalent of prime minister but is not eligible to ascend the throne.
Position after Mahamantri i Hino in a row is Mahamantri i Halu and Mahamantri i Sirikan. At the time of Majapahit these positions still exist, but merely honorary title only. At the time of the ruling House of Isana are in addition to position Mahamantri Wka and Mahamantri Onion.
The highest office in the next Medang Rakryan Kanuruhan as executor is the king's command. Maybe a kind of prime minister in contemporary times, equivalent to Rakryan Mapatih the Majapahit era. Position Rakryan Kanuruhan the Majapahit era are still there, but presumably equivalent to the interior minister today.
Sriwijaya Kingdom
KNOWLEDGE of the history of Srivijaya newborn at the beginning of the 20th century AD, when George Coedes wrote his article entitled Le Royaume de Crivijaya in 1918 AD Actually, five years before that, ie in 1913 AD, Kern has published Inscription City Limestone, a relic of Srivijaya inscription found on the island of Bangka. However, at that time, Kern still considers Sriwijaya name listed on the inscription is as the name of a king, because Cri usually used as a designation or title of king.
In 1896 AD, the Japanese scholar Takakusu translate the works of I-Tsing, Nan-hai-Kuei-chi-ch'uan fa-nai into English under the title A Record of the Budhist Religion as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago. However, in the book there is no name of Srivijaya, which is only Shih-li-fo-shih. From translation City Kapur inscription containing the name of Srivijaya and I-Tsing's work containing the name of Shih-li-fo-shih, Coedes later determined that, is the name of a kingdom of Sriwijaya in South Sumatra.
Furthermore, Coedes also provides that, where the capital of Srivijaya is Palembang, with rests on the supposition Groeneveldt in the essay, Notes on the Malay Archipelago and Malacca, Compiled from Chinese Sources, which states that, San-fo-ts'I is Palembang. Other sources, namely Beal their opinions in 1886 that, Shih-li-fo-shih is a region located on the shores of the Musi River, near Palembang town now. From this opinion, then emerged a tendency among historians to regard as the center of the kingdom of Sriwijaya in Palembang.
Other sources that support the existence of Palembang as the center of the kingdom is the Telaga Batu inscription. This inscription plate-shaped stone near pentagon, on top of it there are seven head of a cobra, to form a small bowl with a spout (small mouth place out water) underneath. According to archaeologists, these inscriptions are used for implementation of the ceremonial oath of loyalty and obedience of the official candidates. In the procession, officials sworn in drinking water that flowed into the rock and out through the spout. As a means to persumpahan ceremony, the inscriptions were usually placed in the center of the kingdom. Because it was found in the vicinity of Palembang in 1918 AD, then allegedly was the center of the kingdom of Sriwijaya in Palembang.
Another clue which states that Palembang was the center of the kingdom was also obtained from the findings of ceramic goods and pottery at the site Gutters Kikim, Cape Rawa, Bukit Siguntang and Kambang Unglen, all in the region of Palembang. Ceramics and pottery is the tool used in everyday life. These findings indicate that, during the first, in Kilkenny there is an ancient settlement. This conjecture is strengthened by the results of aerial photo interpretation in the area west of Palembang city, which describes the forms of ponds and canals. Ponds and canals that form regularly are likely man-made, not the result of natural processes. From the findings of ceramics and the canals, then the archaeologists alleged that Palembang was the center of the kingdom grew stronger.
As the center of the kingdom, the condition when it is mendesa Palembang (rural), unlike other royal centers found in mainland Southeast Asia, such as in Thailand, Cambodia, and Myanmar. The main ingredient used to make buildings in the city center of Srivijaya is wood or bamboo that easy to get around it. Therefore, it is easily damaged materials consumed time, there is no remaining buildings can be found again. If anything, the remaining settlements with timber construction can only be found in the swamp or river banks are submerged in water, not in downtown, like in this site Plancu Edge, Batanghari regency, Jambi. There is a building made of brick or stone materials, but only a sacred buildings (religious), as found in Palembang, on the site Gedingsuro, Angsoka Temple, and Mount Siguntang, which is made of brick. Unfortunately, the remaining buildings that are found are only the foundation course.
Along with the development, more and more data is found regarding the history of Srivijaya. In addition to the City Kapur inscription, also found inscriptions Coral estrus (discovered in 1904 AD), Telaga Batu (found in 1918 AD), Kedukan Hill (found in 1920 AD) Talang Tuo (discovered in 1920 AD) and the New Boom. Among the inscriptions on the top, the inscription Lime City is the oldest, bertarikh 682 AD, tells the story of the sacred journey of Minanga Dapunta Hyang by boat, along with two laksa (20,000) troops and 200 crate supplies, and 1213 foot soldiers. This trip ends at Mukha-p. In these places, then set up Wanua Dapunta Hyang (township) that is named Sriwijaya.
In the inscriptions Talang Tuo who bertarikh 684 AD, is mentioned about the construction of the park by Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa for all beings, named Sriksetra. In the park, there are trees whose fruits can be eaten.
The data are enriched by Chinese and Arab news. Chinese sources most often cited are the notes I-Tsing.
He was a Buddhist pilgrim from China who has visited Sriwijaya several times and had resided for some time. Visit I-The first sting was the year 671 AD In her notes mentioned that, while there are more than a thousand Buddhist monks in Sriwijaya. The rules and ceremonies such as Buddhist monks with the rules and rituals performed by Buddhist monks in India. I-Tsing stay for 6 months in Srivijaya to learn Sanskrit, after that, then he went to Nalanda, India. After a long study at Nalanda, I-Tsing back to the Srivijaya in the year 685 and lived for several years to translate Buddhist texts from Sanskrit into Chinese. Other Chinese records mention about Sriwijaya envoy who came regularly to China, which last was in 988 AD
In another source, namely the Arab records, called Srivijaya Sribuza. Mas'udi, a classical Arab historians write notes about the year 955 AD Srivijaya In the note, described Srivijaya was a great empire, with the army very much. Sriwijaya crops are camphor, aloes wood, clove, sandalwood, nutmeg, cardamom, gambier and several other crops.
Of the foreign records, we know that the kingdom of Srivijaya is great in his time, with the region and extensive trade relations to Madagascar. A number of other evidence in the form of statues, stupika, as well as other inscriptions increasingly asserted that, in his time the kingdom of Srivijaya is having good communication with merchants and priests in China, India and Arabia. This may only be done by a great empire, influential, and calculated in the region.
In the 11th century AD, Srivijaya began to decline. In the year 1006 AD, Srivijaya was attacked by Dharmawangsa from East Java. This attack was successfully repulsed, even Sriwijaya able to do a counter-attack and succeeded in destroying the kingdom Dharmawangsa. In the year 1025 AD, Srivijaya had an attack that crippled the kingdom Cola, India. Nevertheless, the attack has not been able to eliminate Srivijaya from the earth. Until the beginning of the 13th century AD, Srivijaya was still standing, though the power and influence has been very much reduced.
Genealogy
One way to expand the influence of the kingdom is to conduct a marriage with another kingdom. This is also done by the ruler of Srivijaya. Dapunta Hyang in power since 664 AD, married with Sobakancana, second daughter of the king of the Kingdom of Tarumanegara, Linggawarman. This marriage gave birth to a son who becomes the next king of Srivijaya: Dharma Setu. Dharma Setu later had a daughter named Goddess Tara. This daughter later he wed with Samaratungga, kings of Old Mataram Kingdom from Dynasty dynasty. Goddess of marriage Setu with Samaratungga, then born Bala Putra Dewa who became king in Srivijaya of 833 to 856 AD Here is a list of genealogy of the kings of Srivijaya:
Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa (Inscription Kedukan Hill 683, Talang Tuo, 684).
1. Cri Indrawarman (news China, 724 years).
2. Rudrawikrama (news China, in 728, 742).
3. Vishnu (inscription Ligor, 775).
4. Maharaja (Arab news, the year 851).
5. Balaputradewa (Nalanda inscription, 860).
6. Cri Udayadityawarman (news China, 960 years).
7. Cri Udayaditya (news China, 962 years).
8. Cri Cudamaniwarmadewa (news China, in 1003, the inscription of Leiden, 1044).
9. Maraviyayatunggawarman (inscription Leiden, 1044).
10. Cri Sanggaramawijayatunggawarman (Chola inscription, 1044).
Administration Period
Srivijaya kingdom ruled from the 7th century to early 13th century AD, and reached the golden age in the era of government Balaputra Gods (833-856 AD). Royal setback is related to the entry and spread of Islam in Sumatra, and the emergence of power Singosari and Majapahit in Java.
Regional Power
Historically, kerasaan Srivijaya controlled the western part of the archipelago. One of the factors that cause Sriwijaya can master the entire western part of the archipelago is the collapse of the kingdom of Fu-nan in Indochina. Previously, Fu-nan is the only holder of the reins in the territorial waters of the Strait of Malacca. Another factor is that Srivijaya naval force capable of mastering the trade traffic between India and China. With a large fleet strength, Sriwijaya then expand the territory up to the island of Java. In another source said that, Srivijaya power to Brunei on the island of Borneo.
From the inscriptions found in Lime City JK Van der Meulen on Bangka Island in December 1892 AD, obtained clues about the kingdom of Srivijaya that Java is trying to conquer Earth. Although not explained where the region is the Bhumi Java in the inscriptions, some archaeologists believe, that meant that Java Bhumi is the kingdom of Tarumanegara on the North Coast of West Java. Apart from the contents of the inscriptions, Srivijaya empire spread also can be known from inscriptions location Sriwjaya these relics. In the area of Lampung found inscriptions Pasemah Palas, in Jambi is Coral lust, in the Pacific is the City of lime, in Riau have Takus Estuary. All this shows that these areas once controlled by Srivijaya. Other sources have said that, Srivijaya power actually reaches the Philippines. This is evidence that, Srivijaya had controlled most of the archipelago.
Governance Structure
The highest authority in the kingdom of Srivijaya held by the king. To become king, there are three requirements are:
1. Samraj, meaning sovereign over his subjects.
2. Indratvam, meaning rule as Lord Indra who always gives the welfare of its people.
3. Ekachattra. Eka means one and chattra means umbrella. This word means capable umbrella (to protect) the entire population.
Equation showing the king with the god Indra in the Srivijaya king has the power that is transcendent.
Unclear how the structure of government under the king. One aide called explicitly only Senapati who served as military commander.
Life on Economic, Social, Cultural
As a huge empire embracing Buddhism, the Sriwijaya has developed a climate conducive to developing the Buddhist religion. In traveling I-Tsing notes mentioned that, at that time, there are a thousand priests in Srivijaya. In his first trip, I-Tsing had resided for six months in Srivijaya for studying Sanskrit. I-Tsing also recommend, if a Chinese pastor wanted to learn to India, you should learn first year or two years in the Fo-shih (Kilkenny), then studied in India. Upon their return from Nalanda, I-Tsing settled in Srivijaya for seven years (688-695 AD) and produced two major works of the T'ang Ta-yu-ku-fa-kao-seng-chuan and Nan-hai chi-Kuei- -nei-chuan-fa (A Record of the Budhist Religion as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago), which finished writing in the year 692 AD This shows that, Srivijaya was one of the important Buddhist religious center at the time.
Until the beginning of the 11th century AD, the kingdom of Srivijaya is still the center of Mahayana Buddhism studies. In its relations with India, the kings of Srivijaya build Buddhist sacred buildings in India. This fact is stated in two inscriptions, the inscriptions of King Dewapaladewa of Nalanda, which is thought to have originated from the 9th century AD, and the inscription of King Rajaraja I. numbered from the year 1044 AD and 1046 AD
The first inscription mentions about King Balaputradewa from Suwarnadwipa (Sriwijaya), who built a monastery, while the second inscription mentions about King Kataha and Srivijaya, Marawijayayottunggawarman who gave gifts to a village dedicated to the Buddha residing in the monastery Cudamaniwarna, Nagipattana, India.
In the field of trade, the kingdom of Srivijaya has a very good trade relations with merchants from China, India, Arabia and Madagascar. This can be ascertained from the findings of China's currency, ranging from the period of the Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD) to Ming Dynasty (14-17 centuries AD). In connection with the commodities being traded, the Arab news from Ibn al-Fakih (902 AD), Abu Zaid (916 M) and Mas'udi (955 AD) mentions some of them, namely clove, nutmeg, cardamom, pepper, areca nut, wood aloes , sandalwood, camphor, ivory, tin, gold, silver, ebony, Sapan wood, spices, and sea turtles. These goods are purchased by foreign merchants, or bartered with porcelain, cotton and silk fabrics.
In 1896 AD, the Japanese scholar Takakusu translate the works of I-Tsing, Nan-hai-Kuei-chi-ch'uan fa-nai into English under the title A Record of the Budhist Religion as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago. However, in the book there is no name of Srivijaya, which is only Shih-li-fo-shih. From translation City Kapur inscription containing the name of Srivijaya and I-Tsing's work containing the name of Shih-li-fo-shih, Coedes later determined that, is the name of a kingdom of Sriwijaya in South Sumatra.
Furthermore, Coedes also provides that, where the capital of Srivijaya is Palembang, with rests on the supposition Groeneveldt in the essay, Notes on the Malay Archipelago and Malacca, Compiled from Chinese Sources, which states that, San-fo-ts'I is Palembang. Other sources, namely Beal their opinions in 1886 that, Shih-li-fo-shih is a region located on the shores of the Musi River, near Palembang town now. From this opinion, then emerged a tendency among historians to regard as the center of the kingdom of Sriwijaya in Palembang.
Other sources that support the existence of Palembang as the center of the kingdom is the Telaga Batu inscription. This inscription plate-shaped stone near pentagon, on top of it there are seven head of a cobra, to form a small bowl with a spout (small mouth place out water) underneath. According to archaeologists, these inscriptions are used for implementation of the ceremonial oath of loyalty and obedience of the official candidates. In the procession, officials sworn in drinking water that flowed into the rock and out through the spout. As a means to persumpahan ceremony, the inscriptions were usually placed in the center of the kingdom. Because it was found in the vicinity of Palembang in 1918 AD, then allegedly was the center of the kingdom of Sriwijaya in Palembang.
Another clue which states that Palembang was the center of the kingdom was also obtained from the findings of ceramic goods and pottery at the site Gutters Kikim, Cape Rawa, Bukit Siguntang and Kambang Unglen, all in the region of Palembang. Ceramics and pottery is the tool used in everyday life. These findings indicate that, during the first, in Kilkenny there is an ancient settlement. This conjecture is strengthened by the results of aerial photo interpretation in the area west of Palembang city, which describes the forms of ponds and canals. Ponds and canals that form regularly are likely man-made, not the result of natural processes. From the findings of ceramics and the canals, then the archaeologists alleged that Palembang was the center of the kingdom grew stronger.
As the center of the kingdom, the condition when it is mendesa Palembang (rural), unlike other royal centers found in mainland Southeast Asia, such as in Thailand, Cambodia, and Myanmar. The main ingredient used to make buildings in the city center of Srivijaya is wood or bamboo that easy to get around it. Therefore, it is easily damaged materials consumed time, there is no remaining buildings can be found again. If anything, the remaining settlements with timber construction can only be found in the swamp or river banks are submerged in water, not in downtown, like in this site Plancu Edge, Batanghari regency, Jambi. There is a building made of brick or stone materials, but only a sacred buildings (religious), as found in Palembang, on the site Gedingsuro, Angsoka Temple, and Mount Siguntang, which is made of brick. Unfortunately, the remaining buildings that are found are only the foundation course.
Along with the development, more and more data is found regarding the history of Srivijaya. In addition to the City Kapur inscription, also found inscriptions Coral estrus (discovered in 1904 AD), Telaga Batu (found in 1918 AD), Kedukan Hill (found in 1920 AD) Talang Tuo (discovered in 1920 AD) and the New Boom. Among the inscriptions on the top, the inscription Lime City is the oldest, bertarikh 682 AD, tells the story of the sacred journey of Minanga Dapunta Hyang by boat, along with two laksa (20,000) troops and 200 crate supplies, and 1213 foot soldiers. This trip ends at Mukha-p. In these places, then set up Wanua Dapunta Hyang (township) that is named Sriwijaya.
In the inscriptions Talang Tuo who bertarikh 684 AD, is mentioned about the construction of the park by Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa for all beings, named Sriksetra. In the park, there are trees whose fruits can be eaten.
The data are enriched by Chinese and Arab news. Chinese sources most often cited are the notes I-Tsing.
He was a Buddhist pilgrim from China who has visited Sriwijaya several times and had resided for some time. Visit I-The first sting was the year 671 AD In her notes mentioned that, while there are more than a thousand Buddhist monks in Sriwijaya. The rules and ceremonies such as Buddhist monks with the rules and rituals performed by Buddhist monks in India. I-Tsing stay for 6 months in Srivijaya to learn Sanskrit, after that, then he went to Nalanda, India. After a long study at Nalanda, I-Tsing back to the Srivijaya in the year 685 and lived for several years to translate Buddhist texts from Sanskrit into Chinese. Other Chinese records mention about Sriwijaya envoy who came regularly to China, which last was in 988 AD
In another source, namely the Arab records, called Srivijaya Sribuza. Mas'udi, a classical Arab historians write notes about the year 955 AD Srivijaya In the note, described Srivijaya was a great empire, with the army very much. Sriwijaya crops are camphor, aloes wood, clove, sandalwood, nutmeg, cardamom, gambier and several other crops.
Of the foreign records, we know that the kingdom of Srivijaya is great in his time, with the region and extensive trade relations to Madagascar. A number of other evidence in the form of statues, stupika, as well as other inscriptions increasingly asserted that, in his time the kingdom of Srivijaya is having good communication with merchants and priests in China, India and Arabia. This may only be done by a great empire, influential, and calculated in the region.
In the 11th century AD, Srivijaya began to decline. In the year 1006 AD, Srivijaya was attacked by Dharmawangsa from East Java. This attack was successfully repulsed, even Sriwijaya able to do a counter-attack and succeeded in destroying the kingdom Dharmawangsa. In the year 1025 AD, Srivijaya had an attack that crippled the kingdom Cola, India. Nevertheless, the attack has not been able to eliminate Srivijaya from the earth. Until the beginning of the 13th century AD, Srivijaya was still standing, though the power and influence has been very much reduced.
Genealogy
One way to expand the influence of the kingdom is to conduct a marriage with another kingdom. This is also done by the ruler of Srivijaya. Dapunta Hyang in power since 664 AD, married with Sobakancana, second daughter of the king of the Kingdom of Tarumanegara, Linggawarman. This marriage gave birth to a son who becomes the next king of Srivijaya: Dharma Setu. Dharma Setu later had a daughter named Goddess Tara. This daughter later he wed with Samaratungga, kings of Old Mataram Kingdom from Dynasty dynasty. Goddess of marriage Setu with Samaratungga, then born Bala Putra Dewa who became king in Srivijaya of 833 to 856 AD Here is a list of genealogy of the kings of Srivijaya:
Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa (Inscription Kedukan Hill 683, Talang Tuo, 684).
1. Cri Indrawarman (news China, 724 years).
2. Rudrawikrama (news China, in 728, 742).
3. Vishnu (inscription Ligor, 775).
4. Maharaja (Arab news, the year 851).
5. Balaputradewa (Nalanda inscription, 860).
6. Cri Udayadityawarman (news China, 960 years).
7. Cri Udayaditya (news China, 962 years).
8. Cri Cudamaniwarmadewa (news China, in 1003, the inscription of Leiden, 1044).
9. Maraviyayatunggawarman (inscription Leiden, 1044).
10. Cri Sanggaramawijayatunggawarman (Chola inscription, 1044).
Administration Period
Srivijaya kingdom ruled from the 7th century to early 13th century AD, and reached the golden age in the era of government Balaputra Gods (833-856 AD). Royal setback is related to the entry and spread of Islam in Sumatra, and the emergence of power Singosari and Majapahit in Java.
Regional Power
Historically, kerasaan Srivijaya controlled the western part of the archipelago. One of the factors that cause Sriwijaya can master the entire western part of the archipelago is the collapse of the kingdom of Fu-nan in Indochina. Previously, Fu-nan is the only holder of the reins in the territorial waters of the Strait of Malacca. Another factor is that Srivijaya naval force capable of mastering the trade traffic between India and China. With a large fleet strength, Sriwijaya then expand the territory up to the island of Java. In another source said that, Srivijaya power to Brunei on the island of Borneo.
From the inscriptions found in Lime City JK Van der Meulen on Bangka Island in December 1892 AD, obtained clues about the kingdom of Srivijaya that Java is trying to conquer Earth. Although not explained where the region is the Bhumi Java in the inscriptions, some archaeologists believe, that meant that Java Bhumi is the kingdom of Tarumanegara on the North Coast of West Java. Apart from the contents of the inscriptions, Srivijaya empire spread also can be known from inscriptions location Sriwjaya these relics. In the area of Lampung found inscriptions Pasemah Palas, in Jambi is Coral lust, in the Pacific is the City of lime, in Riau have Takus Estuary. All this shows that these areas once controlled by Srivijaya. Other sources have said that, Srivijaya power actually reaches the Philippines. This is evidence that, Srivijaya had controlled most of the archipelago.
Governance Structure
The highest authority in the kingdom of Srivijaya held by the king. To become king, there are three requirements are:
1. Samraj, meaning sovereign over his subjects.
2. Indratvam, meaning rule as Lord Indra who always gives the welfare of its people.
3. Ekachattra. Eka means one and chattra means umbrella. This word means capable umbrella (to protect) the entire population.
Equation showing the king with the god Indra in the Srivijaya king has the power that is transcendent.
Unclear how the structure of government under the king. One aide called explicitly only Senapati who served as military commander.
Life on Economic, Social, Cultural
As a huge empire embracing Buddhism, the Sriwijaya has developed a climate conducive to developing the Buddhist religion. In traveling I-Tsing notes mentioned that, at that time, there are a thousand priests in Srivijaya. In his first trip, I-Tsing had resided for six months in Srivijaya for studying Sanskrit. I-Tsing also recommend, if a Chinese pastor wanted to learn to India, you should learn first year or two years in the Fo-shih (Kilkenny), then studied in India. Upon their return from Nalanda, I-Tsing settled in Srivijaya for seven years (688-695 AD) and produced two major works of the T'ang Ta-yu-ku-fa-kao-seng-chuan and Nan-hai chi-Kuei- -nei-chuan-fa (A Record of the Budhist Religion as Practised in India and the Malay Archipelago), which finished writing in the year 692 AD This shows that, Srivijaya was one of the important Buddhist religious center at the time.
Until the beginning of the 11th century AD, the kingdom of Srivijaya is still the center of Mahayana Buddhism studies. In its relations with India, the kings of Srivijaya build Buddhist sacred buildings in India. This fact is stated in two inscriptions, the inscriptions of King Dewapaladewa of Nalanda, which is thought to have originated from the 9th century AD, and the inscription of King Rajaraja I. numbered from the year 1044 AD and 1046 AD
The first inscription mentions about King Balaputradewa from Suwarnadwipa (Sriwijaya), who built a monastery, while the second inscription mentions about King Kataha and Srivijaya, Marawijayayottunggawarman who gave gifts to a village dedicated to the Buddha residing in the monastery Cudamaniwarna, Nagipattana, India.
In the field of trade, the kingdom of Srivijaya has a very good trade relations with merchants from China, India, Arabia and Madagascar. This can be ascertained from the findings of China's currency, ranging from the period of the Song Dynasty (960-1279 AD) to Ming Dynasty (14-17 centuries AD). In connection with the commodities being traded, the Arab news from Ibn al-Fakih (902 AD), Abu Zaid (916 M) and Mas'udi (955 AD) mentions some of them, namely clove, nutmeg, cardamom, pepper, areca nut, wood aloes , sandalwood, camphor, ivory, tin, gold, silver, ebony, Sapan wood, spices, and sea turtles. These goods are purchased by foreign merchants, or bartered with porcelain, cotton and silk fabrics.
Mataram Kingdom
Sultanate of Mataram was the Islamic kingdom in Java that once stood in the 17th century. This royal dynasty led by a descendant of Ki Ki Ageng Ageng Sela and archery, which claims to be a branch of the ruler of Majapahit royal descent. Its origin is a Duchy under the Sultanate Pajang, centered on "Earth Mentaok" given to Ki Ageng archery as a reward for his services. The first is the sovereign King Sutawijaya (Panembahan Senapati), son of Ki Ageng archery.
Mataram Kingdom during the golden age of ever uniting the land of Java and its surroundings, including Madura. The country has been fighting the VOC in Batavia in order to prevent the rise to power trading firm, but ironically instead should receive help VOC in the final period before the collapse.
Mataram is a kingdom based agrarian / agricultural and maritime relatively weak. He left some traces of history that can be seen up to now, such as village Matraman in Batavia / Jakarta, rice farming systems in the northern West Java, the use of Sundanese hanacaraka in literature, in Pasundan feudal politics, as well as some district boundary which is still valid today.
Sutawijaya ascended the throne after he captured the territory after the death Pajang Hadiwijaya with Senopati Panembahan title. At that time the only territory in the vicinity of Central Java at this time, inherit the kingdom of Pajang. Central government in Mentaok, the region located approximately in the east and south of Yogyakarta Airport Adisucipto now. Location palace (the seat of kings) in the early days is located in Banguntapan, then moved to Kotagede. After he died (buried in Kotagede) power Mas Jolang who forwarded his son ascended the throne after King Hanyokrowati title.
Government King Hanyokrowati not last long because he died in an accident while hunting in the woods Krapyak. Therefore, it is also called Susuhunan Seda Seda Krapyak or Panembahan Krapyak which means the King (who) died (in) Krapyak. After that the throne switched briefly into the hands of the fourth son of Mas Jolang who holds Duke Martoputro. Apparently Duke Martoputro neurological disease so that the throne go to the eldest son named Mas Mas Jolang stimuli.
After holding the title to the throne of Sultan Agung Mas stimuli Hanyokrokusumo King or better known as Sultan Agung. Mataram expanded its time to seek influence in Java. Mataram territory includes the island of Java and Madura (roughly the combined Central Java, Yogyakarta and East Java now). He moved the location of the palace to Kerta (Jw. "Kerta", it appears as well as "Kerta Mataram"). Occur due to friction in the control of trade between Mataram with the VOC, based in Batavia, Mataram then entered a coalition with the Sultanate of Banten and Cirebon Sultanate and is involved in several wars between Mataram against VOC. After the death (buried in Imogiri), he was succeeded by his son who holds Amangkurat (Amangkurat I).
Mataram Kingdom during the golden age of ever uniting the land of Java and its surroundings, including Madura. The country has been fighting the VOC in Batavia in order to prevent the rise to power trading firm, but ironically instead should receive help VOC in the final period before the collapse.
Mataram is a kingdom based agrarian / agricultural and maritime relatively weak. He left some traces of history that can be seen up to now, such as village Matraman in Batavia / Jakarta, rice farming systems in the northern West Java, the use of Sundanese hanacaraka in literature, in Pasundan feudal politics, as well as some district boundary which is still valid today.
Sutawijaya ascended the throne after he captured the territory after the death Pajang Hadiwijaya with Senopati Panembahan title. At that time the only territory in the vicinity of Central Java at this time, inherit the kingdom of Pajang. Central government in Mentaok, the region located approximately in the east and south of Yogyakarta Airport Adisucipto now. Location palace (the seat of kings) in the early days is located in Banguntapan, then moved to Kotagede. After he died (buried in Kotagede) power Mas Jolang who forwarded his son ascended the throne after King Hanyokrowati title.
Government King Hanyokrowati not last long because he died in an accident while hunting in the woods Krapyak. Therefore, it is also called Susuhunan Seda Seda Krapyak or Panembahan Krapyak which means the King (who) died (in) Krapyak. After that the throne switched briefly into the hands of the fourth son of Mas Jolang who holds Duke Martoputro. Apparently Duke Martoputro neurological disease so that the throne go to the eldest son named Mas Mas Jolang stimuli.
After holding the title to the throne of Sultan Agung Mas stimuli Hanyokrokusumo King or better known as Sultan Agung. Mataram expanded its time to seek influence in Java. Mataram territory includes the island of Java and Madura (roughly the combined Central Java, Yogyakarta and East Java now). He moved the location of the palace to Kerta (Jw. "Kerta", it appears as well as "Kerta Mataram"). Occur due to friction in the control of trade between Mataram with the VOC, based in Batavia, Mataram then entered a coalition with the Sultanate of Banten and Cirebon Sultanate and is involved in several wars between Mataram against VOC. After the death (buried in Imogiri), he was succeeded by his son who holds Amangkurat (Amangkurat I).
Kalingga Kingdom
Kalinga is a patterned Hindu kingdom in Central Java, whose center was located in Jepara district now. Kalinga has existed in the 6th century AD and its existence is known from Chinese sources. The kingdom was once ruled by Queen Shima, who is known to have regulatory whoever stole, would cut off his hand.
Maharani daughter Shima, Parvati, married crown prince named Kingdom Galuh oil bath, which later became the second king of the Kingdom Galuh.
Maharani Shima has a grandson named Sanaha who married the third king of the Kingdom Galuh, namely Brantasenawa. Sanaha and Bratasenawa have a kid named Sanjaya who later became king of the Kingdom of Sunda and Galuh Kingdom (723-732 AD).
After Maharani Shima died in 732 AD, the great great Sanjaya replaces and becomes king of the Kingdom of Northern Kalinga, later known as the Earth Mataram, and later founded the dynasty / Wangsa Sanjaya in the Ancient Mataram Kingdom.
Power in West Java delivered to his son from Tejakencana, namely Tamperan Barmawijaya Rakeyan Panaraban alias.
Then King Sanjaya married daughter Sudiwara Dewasinga, King of the South or the Earth Sambara Kalinga, and has a son of Rakai Panangkaran.
In the 5th century appears Kingdom Ho-ling (or Kalinga) is to be located in north central Java. Description of the Kingdom of Ho-ling obtained from inscriptions and records of the land of China. In the year 752, the kingdom of Ho-ling into the territory conquered Srivijaya kingdom because it became part of Hindu trading network, with Malay and Tarumanagara previously been conquered Srivijaya. The three kingdoms were a strong competitor-Buddhist Srivijaya trading network.
Maharani daughter Shima, Parvati, married crown prince named Kingdom Galuh oil bath, which later became the second king of the Kingdom Galuh.
Maharani Shima has a grandson named Sanaha who married the third king of the Kingdom Galuh, namely Brantasenawa. Sanaha and Bratasenawa have a kid named Sanjaya who later became king of the Kingdom of Sunda and Galuh Kingdom (723-732 AD).
After Maharani Shima died in 732 AD, the great great Sanjaya replaces and becomes king of the Kingdom of Northern Kalinga, later known as the Earth Mataram, and later founded the dynasty / Wangsa Sanjaya in the Ancient Mataram Kingdom.
Power in West Java delivered to his son from Tejakencana, namely Tamperan Barmawijaya Rakeyan Panaraban alias.
Then King Sanjaya married daughter Sudiwara Dewasinga, King of the South or the Earth Sambara Kalinga, and has a son of Rakai Panangkaran.
In the 5th century appears Kingdom Ho-ling (or Kalinga) is to be located in north central Java. Description of the Kingdom of Ho-ling obtained from inscriptions and records of the land of China. In the year 752, the kingdom of Ho-ling into the territory conquered Srivijaya kingdom because it became part of Hindu trading network, with Malay and Tarumanagara previously been conquered Srivijaya. The three kingdoms were a strong competitor-Buddhist Srivijaya trading network.
Thursday, January 27, 2011
Tarumanegara kingdom
Kingdom Tarumanegara allegedly located in Bogor, West Java, which is the second oldest Hindu kingdom in Indonesia. In China news, Tarumanegara called To-lomo. The establishment of the Kingdom of Tarumanegara suspected along with the Kingdom of Kutai, which is in the 5th century AD
Political life of the Kingdom Tarumanegara
Tarumanegara Kingdom is the oldest kingdom in Java that is affected Hindu religion and culture. Located in West Java and is expected to stand around the 5th century AD The king who ruled at the time was Purnawarman. He embraced religion and worship the Hindu god Vishnu.
Sources of the history of the Kingdom of Tarumanegara can be known from the inscriptions he left behind and news from China. Inscriptions have been found to date there are 7 pieces. Based on this inscription can be seen that this empire have a strong influence of Hindu culture. The inscription uses Sanskrit letters and Pallawa
Inscriptions are relics of the kingdom Tarumanegara
Inscriptions are relics of the kingdom Tarumanegara based on where its discovery, among others, as follows.
Socio-Economic Life
Life of the community's economy is agriculture and animal husbandry Tarumanegara. It can be known
Monument Inscription of the contents of which is about the construction or excavation Channel Gomati 6112 spear-length (12 km) and completed within 21 days. Excavation is completed, King Purnawarman held
salvation by giving the 1000 prize cows to the Brahmins.
Pembangunanitu economical means for the people as it can be used as a means of irrigation and flood prevention. Thus, people will live prosperous, secure and prosperous. In addition to Channel Gomati, Tugu Inscription is also mentioned in the excavation Channels Candrabhaga.
Cultural Life
Viewed from the techniques and ways of writing the letters on the inscriptions found as evidence of the existence of the Kingdom of Tarumanegara it can be seen that the cultural life of society at that time was already high.
Political life of the Kingdom Tarumanegara
Tarumanegara Kingdom is the oldest kingdom in Java that is affected Hindu religion and culture. Located in West Java and is expected to stand around the 5th century AD The king who ruled at the time was Purnawarman. He embraced religion and worship the Hindu god Vishnu.
Sources of the history of the Kingdom of Tarumanegara can be known from the inscriptions he left behind and news from China. Inscriptions have been found to date there are 7 pieces. Based on this inscription can be seen that this empire have a strong influence of Hindu culture. The inscription uses Sanskrit letters and Pallawa
Inscriptions are relics of the kingdom Tarumanegara
Inscriptions are relics of the kingdom Tarumanegara based on where its discovery, among others, as follows.
- Inscription Ciaruteun (Ciampea), found on the banks of the River Ciaruteun (Bogor) near the estuary with Cisadane.
- Inscription Pasir Jambu (Koleangkak), found in the plantation area
- Cashew about 30 kilometers west of Bogor.
- Inscription Kebon Coffee, is located in Kampung Muara Hilir, Cibungbulang
- (Bogor). Written in poetic form Anustubh.
- Pasir Awi and Inscription Inscription Cianten Estuary. Both these inscriptions using a script in the form of curls that can not be read, found in Bogor.
- Monument inscriptions, found in the Monument (New York). This inscription is The longest inscription of all the inscriptions of King Purnawarman heritage. This inscription Anustubh poetical. His writing is inscribed on a long rounded stone in a circle.
- Inscription Inscription Cidanghiang or Lebak, found on the banks of the River Cidanghiang, District Munjul, Lebak (Banten).
Socio-Economic Life
Life of the community's economy is agriculture and animal husbandry Tarumanegara. It can be known
Monument Inscription of the contents of which is about the construction or excavation Channel Gomati 6112 spear-length (12 km) and completed within 21 days. Excavation is completed, King Purnawarman held
salvation by giving the 1000 prize cows to the Brahmins.
Pembangunanitu economical means for the people as it can be used as a means of irrigation and flood prevention. Thus, people will live prosperous, secure and prosperous. In addition to Channel Gomati, Tugu Inscription is also mentioned in the excavation Channels Candrabhaga.
Cultural Life
Viewed from the techniques and ways of writing the letters on the inscriptions found as evidence of the existence of the Kingdom of Tarumanegara it can be seen that the cultural life of society at that time was already high.
Kutai kingdom
Kutai Martadipura is patterned Hindu kingdom in the archipelago which has the oldest historical evidence. The kingdom was located in Muara Kaman, East Kalimantan, precisely in the Mahakam river upstream. Kutai name given by experts to take from place names found inscriptions indicating the existence of the kingdom. There are no inscriptions that clearly mentions the name of this kingdom, and indeed very little information can be obtained.
- the names of King Kutai
- Maharaja Kundungga, gelar anumerta Dewawarman
- Maharaja Asmawarman (anak Kundungga)
- Maharaja Mulawarman
- Maharaja Marawijaya Warman
- Maharaja Gajayana Warman
- Maharaja Tungga Warman
- Maharaja Jayanaga Warman
- Maharaja Nalasinga Warman
- Maharaja Nala Parana Tungga
- Maharaja Gadingga Warman Dewa
- Maharaja Indra Warman Dewa
- Maharaja Sangga Warman Dewa
- Maharaja Candrawarman
- Maharaja Sri Langka Dewa
- Maharaja Guna Parana Dewa
- Maharaja Wijaya Warman
- Maharaja Sri Aji Dewa
- Maharaja Mulia Putera
- Maharaja Nala Pandita
- Maharaja Indra Paruta Dewa
- Maharaja Dharma Setia
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